PyTorch is an open-source deep learning framework developed by Meta (formerly Facebook) AI Research. It is known for its ease of use, flexible computational graphs, and strong community support, making it a popular choice among researchers and developers for building...

Prompt Injection is a cybersecurity attack technique in which maliciously crafted inputs manipulate AI models—particularly Large Language Models (LLMs)—to produce harmful, misleading, or confidential outputs. By cleverly altering context or slipping in hidden commands, attackers can bypass content filters, reveal...

Prompt Engineering is the strategic design and refinement of input prompts given to large language models (LLMs) or other generative AI systems. By carefully specifying context, constraints, and desired output formats, prompt engineering enables users to guide these models to...

Pre-training is the process of training a machine learning model on a large, general-purpose dataset before adapting it to a specific task. By learning broad patterns, structures, and representations from unlabeled or widely available data, a model develops a rich...

Post-training refers to the stage that follows the initial model training process, focusing on refining, optimizing, and preparing the model for deployment in real-world scenarios. After a model has been trained—often through pre-training and fine-tuning—it may still benefit from additional...

In the context of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning, perplexity is a metric used to evaluate the performance of language models. It measures how well a model predicts a sequence of words, with lower perplexity indicating better performance....

In machine learning and deep learning, a parameter refers to a variable within a model that the training process adjusts to optimize the model’s performance. Parameters are the core elements that determine how a model processes input data and produces...

Open source refers to software, datasets, or other resources that are made publicly available, allowing anyone to view, use, modify, and distribute the source code or content. Open source promotes collaboration, transparency, and innovation by fostering a community-driven approach to...

In the context of computing, data science, and machine learning, a node is a fundamental unit or point within a structure or system that represents an entity, data element, or computational function. Nodes are widely used in various fields such...

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. It combines linguistics, machine learning, and computational techniques to process and analyze natural language data, such as text...